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Q&As refer to the provisions in force on the day of their publication. The EBA does not systematically review published Q&As following the amendment of legislative acts. Users of the Q&A tool should therefore check the date of publication of the Q&A and whether the provisions referred to in the answer remain the same.

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List of Q&A's

Transaction with underlying assets: “distinct client” vs. “unknown client”

In the case of a transaction with underlying assets where an institution cannot identify the obligors and cannot ensure, by means of the transaction’s mandate, that the underlying exposures of the transaction are not connected with any other exposures in its portfolio, which is the correct procedure for the assignment of the exposures taking into account that a subset of underlying asset exceeds individually 0,25% of the institution’s eligible capital and the remaining underlying assets individually do not exceed that materiality threshold?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Regulation (EU) No 1187/2014 - RTS for determining the overall exposure to a client or a group of connected clients in respect of transactions with underlying assets
  • ID: 2023_6903
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 15/03/2024

"Unexpected outflow" in the context of applying large exposure exemptions granted in Article 390(6)(c) CRR

Are the exposures created between service providers, which are caused by clients signing up to new products outside of business hours, an “unexpected outflow” in the context of applying the exemptions granted in Article 390(6)(c) of the Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 as amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/876 (CRR2)?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2020_5342
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 09/06/2023

Definition of exposures arising from mortgage lending

Which value of the exposure is the amount that can be reduced, when referring to "the pledged amount of the market value or mortgage lending value of the property concerned, but by not more than 50 % of the market value or 60 % of the mortgage lending value”?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2021_5756
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 10/02/2023

Mandatory substitution approach according to Article 403 CRR when applying either the Financial Collateral Comprehensive Method (FCCM) or, in the case of securities financing transactions (SFTs) the Internal Model Method (IMM) or master netting agreements to calculate the exposure value.

Question 1: Has the mandatory substitution approach according to Article 403 CRR to be applied when an institution uses the FCCM? If yes, what is the amount that the institution shall assign to the protection provider/collateral issuer? Question 2: In the case of exposures arising from SFTs referred to in Article 401(2) second paragraph CRR, has the mandatory substitution approach according to Article 403 CRR to be applied when an institution applies master netting agreements, together with either the FCCM or IMM as referred to in Articles 220 CRR and 221 CRR? If yes, what is the exposure amount that shall be assigned to the collateral issuer? Question 3: Also regarding exposures arising from SFTs, has the mandatory substitution approach according to Article 403 CRR to be applied when an institution applies IMM as referred to in Section 6 of Chapter 6 of Title II of Part Three CRR? If yes, what is the exposure amount that shall be assigned to the collateral issuer? Question 4: Does an institution have to use a credit risk mitigation technique for large exposure purposes when it has used it for calculating own funds requirements, or can an institution renounce, for large exposure purposes, applying a credit risk mitigation that it has used for calculating own funds requirements? Question 5: Does an institution also have to apply the substitution approach, for large exposure purposes, in those cases where the collateral is not taken into account for calculating own funds requirements?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2020_5496
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 21/01/2022

Applicability of the Guidelines of the Committee of European Banking Supervisors on Article 106(2)(c) and (d) of Directive 2006/48/EC (CRD)

Are the implementation guidelines on Article 106(2)(c) and (d) of Directive 2006/48/EC (CRD) of the Committee of European Banking Supervisors applicable for interpreting Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 as amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/876?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2020_5340
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 17/12/2021

Interpreting the definitions of "client activity" and "unexpected" in modern financial services market in the context of CRR

Are “top ups” a “client activity” as defined in Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 (herein ‘CRR')? How “unexpected” should they be interpreted in the modern payments environment?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2020_5341
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 24/09/2021

CCP related transactions

Do bilateral exposures vis-à-vis a clearing member qualify as trade exposures, and therefore fall under the exemption of Article 400(1)(j)?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2019_4915
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 07/05/2021

The use of the Collateral Simple and Comprehensive Methods under the Large Exposure regime

Does the phrase "where it is permitted to use" referred to in the third sub-paragraph of Article 403(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR) intend to prescribe that the treatment for collateralised exposures specified under Article 403(1)(b) is available for: • those institutions which are allowed to use both the Financial Collateral Simple and Comprehensive Methods?; or • collateral types which are eligible for both methods?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2014_793
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 20/04/2021

Article 395 CRR – Shadow entities large exposure limits

If a bank invests through a vehicle, incorporated under the applicable Securitisation Law, with separate compartments per investor and where the paid out of each Note is segregated per portfolio of loans, may each Note be deemed a separate shadow entity?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: EBA/GL/2015/20 - Guidelines on limits on exposures to shadow banking entities which carry out banking activities outside a regulated framework under Article 395(2) of CRR
  • ID: 2019_4501
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 15/01/2021

Exempting foreign currency - denominated required minimum reserves according to Article 493(7) CRR

How is the level of exposures to central bank, in the form of Euro-denominated required minimum reserves in non-Euro Member States, determined for the purposes of Article 493(7) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2018_3737
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 04/12/2020

Recognition for large exposure purposes of a guarantee granted by the central government on an equity exposure

Can an equity exposure guaranteed by a central government be exempted from the large exposure framework or can only debt instruments be exempted? In particular, would such guarantees be compliant with the eligibility requirement set in Article 213(1)(b) CRR?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2017_3621
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 20/11/2020

Large Exposures treatment of Nostro Accounts used for correspondent banking

Do Nostro Accounts used for correspondent banking activities always meet the exclusion criteria specified under Article 390(6) CRR?To the extent that a low amount of exposure is always left in the same accounts, as a buffer to avoid going overdrawn as a result of the correspondent banking activity, would this be eligible for the exclusions as well? If yes, under which circumstances?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2019_4805
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 15/05/2020

Large exposures - treatment of connected clients principle on exposures to other group entities outside prudential scope of consolidation

What treatment is envisaged in the context of connected clients for multiple exposures to multiple entities that are part of the same economic group, but are not included in the scope of prudential consolidation? Are these considered to be an exposure to the same (connected) client?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2018_3665
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 21/12/2018

Connected Clients and Control Relationship

Is the relation between a company and its directors as they are indicated in the company’s structure (irrespective of their number and irrespective if they are executive or non-executive directors) an indicator of control? Would it thus lead to identify a "single risk" and therefore to the creation of a group of connected clients? ?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2016_2923
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 24/11/2017

Groups of connected clients when a client is connected through various criteria (interconnection through control and / or economic interconnection)

As defined in Article 4(1)(39) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR), clients can be included into ‘groups of connected clients’ through criteria of control (Article 4(1)(39)(a)) or economic interconnection (Article 4(1)(39)(b)).What is the correct treatment of exposure to a client in case when the client is connected with other natural or legal persons through criteria of control and / or economic interconnection?Should the institution include and report all those clients connected with particular client as one ‘group of connected clients’ regardless of criteria of connection (control vs. economic interconnection) or should the institution include and report particular client in two (or more) groups where one group includes clients that are connected with particular client through criteria of control and the other separate group (or more groups) is formed of clients that are connected with particular client through criteria of economic interconnection?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2014_1443
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 24/11/2017

Definition of "institution" for large exposure purposes

Should EC implementing decision on the equivalence of the supervisory and regulatory requirements of certain third countries and territories for the purposes of the treatment of exposures according to Regulation (EC) No. 575/2013 be used to determine equivalence for LE purposes?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2014_1692
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 15/07/2016

“Direct” control

In the example stipulated in the background section, does Central Government A - even if it does not hold the voting rights over company B1 directly by itself - exercise "direct" control over B1 within the meaning of Article 4 (1) (39) last subparagraph CRR?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2015_1974
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 24/06/2016

Level 1 assets and Large Exposures exemptions

Please can you confirm that debt securities with a 0% risk weight under Part Three, Title II, Chapter 2 that are reported as level 1 assets in accordance with Article 10 point 1(e)(ii) of the Delegated Act specifying the LCR should also be exempted from the Large Exposure Limits defined in Article 395(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 under the exemptions in Article 400 point 2(d)(e)?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2015_2040
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 27/05/2016

Large exposure reporting – Criteria for reducing the value of an exposure secured by commercial immovable property

Is Article 194(3)(b) relevant for accepting or rejecting commercial immovable property to reduce the value of an exposure secured by commercial immovable property according to the Article 402(2) when an institution uses the standardised approach for calculating credit risk capital requirements?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Regulation (EU) No 680/2014 - ITS on supervisory reporting of institutions (repealed)
  • ID: 2014_1659
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 22/04/2016

Treatment of stock futures under Article 390(3) and Article 327(1)

Does a short position on an equity future contract net off against a long position in its underlying equity, considering that the underlying security and the equity are identical, deliverable, quoted on an official exchange and cleared through the corresponding CCP?

  • Legal act: Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (CRR)
  • COM Delegated or Implementing Acts/RTS/ITS/GLs: Not applicable
  • ID: 2015_1873
  • Topic: Large exposures
  • Date of submission:
  • Published as final Q&A: 02/10/2015