2025 Joint ESA stocktaking of BigTechs’ direct financial services activities in the EU
European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs) 2025 report analyzing BigTechs' direct financial services in the EU, including payment services, e-money issuance, and insurance intermediation by 11 of 13 major tech groups, assessing licensing, PSD2 exclusions, and cross-border supervisory coordination under DORA and DMA frameworks.